Of all the sectors of the smart city model, mobility has been one of the most visible – and conflict-ridden. There is an ever-growing pool of ways that people, businesses, goods, and services travel from point A to point B. We’ve seen the emergence of e-commerce, e-scooters, EVs, and transportation network companies (TNCs), and anticipate the rise of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and drone delivery.

When they first emerged, these technologies started to resemble a utopian vision of mobility: tourists weaving down sidewalks on e-scooters, sustainable electric cars roaming the streets and shared vehicles picking up commuters conveniently at the front door.

But as more options for going the distance pop up, so do their disparate apps, operations and regulations for operating. Thus, with each new mode of mobility arises a new layer of complexity in our physical and digital landscapes.
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