GIS maps contribute greatly to informed analysis and data-based decision-making by planners and politicians. But a stack of GIS maps is still a multilayered snapshot in time, a one-time picture describing a city’s composition and complexity at a particular moment.

To be truly smart, a city needs a dynamic, real-time information-gathering system, which is what “smart city” advocates envision. This necessitates installing throughout a city strategically positioned sensors — many of which would be video cameras — along with automated control devices linked to sensors.
I would call this a “geographic action system,” or GAS, to complement GIS.
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