Researcher Jeremy Michalek and his colleagues at Carnegie Mellon calculated the net effects of the alternative fuel incentives from 2010 through 2025 using projection data from the Energy Information Agency. They found that the effects of the EPA and NHTSA weighting may actually increase the amount of CO2 emitted over that timeframe by between 30 and 70 million tons—equivalent to relaxing the GHG standard by between 0.8 and 1.5 percent. That also means using an extra 3-8 billion US gallons (11-30 billion L) of gasoline over the same period.